Counterspeech: A Literature Review (Updated 2024)
Every day, internet users encounter hateful and dangerous speech online, and some of them choose to respond directly in order to refute or undermine it. We call this counterspeech. Only a few studies have attempted to measure the effectiveness of counterspeech directly, and as far as we know, this is the first review of relevant literature.
We’ve collected and reviewed related articles from a range of fields including political science, sociology, countering violent extremism, and computational social science. These articles do not all use the term “counterspeech,” but they shed light on various features of successful counterspeech, for example, qualities that make speakers/authors more influential in online interactions or the extent to which pro- and anti-social behavior is contagious on the internet.
Recent advances in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) have inspired interest in using it to counter online hatred. This updated version of the annotated bibliography contains an entirely new section reviewing recent research related to AI-based counterspeech tools.
Counterspeech annotated bib 2024.
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We hope you find this literature review helpful, and we warmly welcome feedback on how to improve it. Please send ideas and inquiries to [email protected]