People have been trying to understand the catalysts of human behavior, especially violent behavior, for thousands of years. In this review, we focus on how speech, especially public, often online speech, can inspire civilians of one group to attack civilians of another or create an atmosphere in which such violence is encouraged.
Read MoreEvery day, internet users encounter hateful and dangerous speech online, and some of them choose to respond directly in order to refute or undermine it. We call this counterspeech. Only a few studies have attempted to measure the effectiveness of counterspeech directly, and as far as we know, this is the first review of relevant literature.
Read MoreJudging posts exclusively by their content is like studying cigarettes to understand their toxicity. It’s one useful form of data, but to understand what smoking can do to people’s lungs, study the lungs, not just the smoke.
Read MoreFacebook was correct to prohibit Donald Trump from posting on Facebook and Instagram, and should make that ban permanent. In the future, when considering whether to take action on content posted by political candidates, office holders, and former office holders, Facebook should test the content’s capacity to lead to real-world violence, by evaluating whether the content has been understood by an account’s followers as incitement, rather than trying to divine the intent of the account holder.
Read MoreSocial Science Research Council
It was a watershed when Donald Trump lost his social media megaphone on Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms right after the January 6 attack on the US Capitol, since none of these companies had ever dumped a head of state. But this moment also represents a failure: The companies barred him for inciting violence only after he had done it successfully. They identified incitement to violence in the rearview mirror, by waiting for violence to happen.
Read MoreThis guide – updated for 2019 – provides an in-depth exploration of dangerous speech and how to identify it, dangerous speech on the internet, and some promising efforts to reduce the harmful effects of speech.
Read MoreNoēma Magazine
Social media companies have spent too much time trying to divine the intent behind messages posted by influential people, when what really matters for preventing violence is how content is understood by its audience – especially people who might commit or condone violence. Content moderation staff should focus on real-world potential impacts and consequences, not unknowable states of mind or hypothetical meanings.
Read MorePhiladelphia Inquirer
Awful though it was that thugs smashed their way into the Capitol last week, it might do the United States good in the end.
Read More#jagärhär – “I am here” – is a Sweden-based group of thousands of volunteers working collectively to counter online hatred. This is first qualitative study of the group – how it works, why people join and stay engaged, and how its members try to shift thinking and discourse norms among the general public.
Read MoreThe 2020 U.S. election was like nothing we’d seen before for many reasons, including disinformation, dangerous speech, and unprecedented fears of election-related violence. Now it’s time to start thinking about the future.
Read MoreYale Journal on Regulation
Private social media companies regulate much more speech than any government does, and their platforms are being used to bring about serious harm. Yet companies govern largely on their own, and in secret.
To correct this, advocates have proposed that companies follow international human rights law. But for this to work, the law must first be interpreted to clarify how (and whether) each of its provisions are suited to this new purpose.
Read MoreThis paper presents seven proposals for how internet companies can more effectively address harmful content on their platforms, protect freedom of expression, and provide a better experience for their users.
Read MoreAutomated content moderation is a temporary, imperfect emergency response. Companies and governments must ensure that it does not become the new status quo.
Read MoreMedium
DSP Executive Director Susan Benesch, J. Nathan Matias of Princeton University, and several other independent researchers launched a collaborative study with Twitter to test whether awareness of the rules affects user behavior.
Read MoreEuropean Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation
Online hateful and harmful messages are so widespread that the problem cannot be laid at the feet of any particular culture or country, nor can such content be easily classified with terms like ‘hate speech’ or ‘extremism’ – it is too varied. Similarly, the people who produce harmful content (and their motivations) are too diverse to fit a stereotype. Daunting though this problem is, there are opportunities to diminish it and to build norms of tolerance that have been largely overlooked so far. This paper offers a set of specific and contrarian ideas for better understanding hate speech and other harmful speech that proliferates online, and for reducing the damage such content causes, while limiting the risk of other harms.
Read MoreThis six-minute introductory video explains Dangerous Speech and its five elements, with historical and contemporary examples from around the world.
Read MoreProceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A study of conversations on Twitter found that some arguments between strangers led to favorable change in discourse and even in attitudes. The authors propose that such exchanges can be usefully distinguished according to whether individuals or groups take part on each side, since the opportunity for a constructive exchange of views seems to vary accordingly.
Read MoreThis guide offers recommendations for those who wish to engage in counterspeech online, based on the findings of our two year study of hateful speech and counterspeech on Twitter.
Read MoreThis report from our two year study of hateful speech and counterspeech on Twitter reviews existing literature on counterspeech, examines cases of counterspeech through the vector in which it was delivered, and develops a taxonomy of counterspeech strategies.
Read MoreFirst Workshop on Text Analytics for Cybersecurity and Online Safety
Online social platforms are beset with hateful speech – content that expresses hatred for a person or group of people. Such content can frighten, intimidate, or silence platform users, and some of it can inspire other users to commit violence. Despite widespread recognition of the problems posed by such content, reliable solutions even for detecting hateful speech are lacking. In the present work, we establish why keyword-based methods are insufficient for detection. We then propose an approach to detecting hateful speech that uses content produced by self-identifying hateful communities as training data. Our approach bypasses the expensive annotation process often required to train keyword systems and performs well across several established platforms, making substantial improvements over current state-of-the-art approaches.
Read MoreGenocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This paper draws together the authors’ work on dangerous speech and the ideological dynamics of mass atrocities by offering a new integrated model to help identify the sorts of speech and ideology that raise the risk of atrocities and genocides.
Read MoreReligion and Human Rights, An International Journal
This comment examines the tension between freedom of expression and freedom of religion by embedding the Charlie Hebdo cartoons in a wider, century-old European tradition of publications mocking religion, including Christianity. It describes, and draws lessons from, the 19th century blasphemy case against the British Freethinker newspaper, whose “technique of offense” was similar to that of Charlie Hebdo. Finally, the comment tackles the problem of violent response to text or images that mock religion, pointing out that malicious intermediaries often carry such messages between social groups or across national borders—greatly escalating the risk of violence.
Read MoreSusan Benesch reviews efforts to counter hateful speech online in the Berkman Center for Internet and Society’s report Internet Monitor…
Read MoreState of the World's Minorities 2014
State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014, Minority Rights Group International, 2014.
Read MoreIn this video, Dangerous Speech Project director Susan Benesch discusses methods of countering Dangerous Speech in online social spaces and research that has been conducted to test those methods.
Read MoreUS Holocaust Memorial Museum, February 11, 2014
Read MoreWith Michael Abramowitz. Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2013.
Read MoreLauren Kogen of the Center for Global Communication Studies (CGCS) at the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication conducted an evaluation of the Vioja Mahakamani media intervention, a partnership between the Dangerous Speech Project and Media Focus on Africa.
Read MoreThis document has been replaced by “Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide,” released in December 2018. It is preserved here for…
Read More“It’s time for Internet giants to explain when censorship is and isn’t OK.” With Rebecca MacKinnon.
Read MoreDangerous Speech Project director Susan Benesch provides an overview of the distinction between hate speech and dangerous speech. April 20, 2012.
Read MorePeople are increasingly privy to communication that they would not have heard (or read or seen) in the past. This has significant implications for speech law and policy.
Read MoreThis book chapter describes existing case law on incitement to genocide, the challenges with identifying the cause of genocide, and offers the Dangerous Speech framework as an alternative approach.
Read MoreInflammatory speech – a common feature of elections – provides opportunities for preventing ethnic violence in the context of elections. However, this must be done carefully in order to preserve freedom of expression.
Read MoreThis paper analyzes incitement in international criminal law as well as in international human rights law, building an interpretive bridge between the two bodies of law; proposes a method for distinguishing incitement from other forms of hate speech; summarizes the jurisprudence on incitement to genocide; and describes a methodology for identifying speech that has a reasonable possibility of successfully inciting genocide, suggesting ways in which this framework may be adapted for distinguishing other forms of incitement.
Read MoreThis 2009 talk delivered by Susan Benesch at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Sudikoff Seminar examines the history of genocide in international law, and offers a proposed definition for the crime of incitement to genocide.
Read More